Research progress on sports injury biomechanics of personalized custom insoles。

Sports injuries reduce the vitality of the human body, and mass sports enthusiasts or top athletes have strong demands for sports protection. 
The protection of sports injuries is a topic that cannot be avoided by sports equipment. 
The above researches on personalized insoles are mostly based on the prevention and intervention of injuries. 
Starting from the point of view of sports equipment, through the improvement of functional and personalized solutions to insoles, it has become a hot topic in recent years. 
At present, prefabricated insoles and cushioning insoles are widely used in the prevention of lower limb musculoskeletal injuries and the adjustment of human body posture. 
There are a large number of customized or prefabricated insoles on the market, which usually have an uneven and wavy shape. 
This shape feature is often designed according to the characteristics of the foot shape, and the purpose is to improve the function of the foot. 
Most of the theories adopted are the "neutral position" theory, that is, the subtalar joints are maintained in a neutral position through the correction of insoles such as arch support pads, wedge insoles, etc., so as to ensure that the subtalar joint and midplantar are maintained in the correct position during the gait. 
The neutral position is mainly concentrated in the static position.

A large number of studies have proved that semi-rigid prefabricated insoles can significantly reduce the incidence of lower limb stress fractures, heel, metatarsal, plantar fascia, and tibial anterior pain in the process of resistance training. 
However, the benefits of prefabricated insoles on soft tissue injury of lower limbs and chronic low back pain have not been found. Supporting scholars believe that wedge-shaped insoles can reduce the incidence of femur, tibia and metatarsal fractures by helping users establish correct and reasonable lower limb force and movement patterns. 
Zhang et al.'s motion finite element three-dimensional reconstruction of the three-dimensional finite element model of the knee joint, ankle joint and foot, the simulation results show that the wedge-shaped insole can reduce the knee joint medial coincidence, and play a positive role in preventing knee osteoarthritis. 
However, there is also a large amount of literature that shows that there is no significant difference in the incidence of injury of lower extremity sports between prefabricated insoles and the control group. Nigg et al. believe that long-term use of special insoles will cause inertia of lower limb muscles, which is not conducive to the continuous improvement of motor skills. 
At the same time, there is no long-term large-sample epidemiological study to support the effect of sports shoes.

Compared with prefabricated insoles, cushioning insoles are usually flatter, mainly made of composite soft materials, such as polyethylene foam and neoprene foam. 
The design concept is to absorb excessive impact through the physical properties of the material itself to reduce The occurrence of sports injuries . 
However, the results of the review analysis of cushioning insoles show that it does not support the impact of cushioning insoles on hard fractures of the lower limbs, specific foot soft tissue pain (plantar fascia tissue, Achilles tendon, etc.), calf triceps pain, and tibia anterior Improvement in the incidence of pain and knee joint pain. 
Most of the best-selling sports insoles on the market are these types of insoles, because of their good wearing comfort, and without the need for professionally experienced foot orthopedists to configure them, the cost of implementation is low, and they are easy to circulate.

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